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Knob 3: Voices Controls the number of additional Chorus voices. Up to 8 voices can be added, continuously
variable in 100 individual steps.
Flanger
This effect was originally created by simultaneously recording and playing back two identical programs on
two tape recorders, then using hand pressure against the flange of the tape reels to slow down first one
machine, then the other. The result was a series of changing phase cancellations and reinforcements, with
characteristic swishing, tunneling, and fading sounds.
Knob 1: Speed Controls the modulation rate of the Flanger effect.
Knob 2: Depth Controls the intensity of the Flanger effect. Lower settings provide a slight “whooshing” sound
while higher settings provide a much more dramatic “jet airplane” sound.
Knob 3: Regeneration This knob controls the amount of modulated signal being fed back into the input,
creating feedback. Higher amounts add a metallic resonance to the signal.
Phaser
The Phaser automatically moves frequency notches up and down the spectrum of the signal by means of a
low frequency oscillator (LFO), creating an oscillating “comb-filter” type effect. This effect is very userful on
keyboards (especially pad presets) and guitars.
Knob 1: Speed Controls the modulation rate of the Phaser effect.
Knob 2: Depth Controls the intensity of the Phaser effect.
Knob 3: Regeneration This knob controls the amount of modulated signal being fed back into the input,
creating feedback. Higher amounts add more resonance to the effect signal.
Tremelo/Pan
Tremolo and Panner create rhythmic changes in signal amplitude. Tremolo affects both channel’s amplitude
simultaneously, while the Panner affects the amplitude of each channel in an alternating manner.
Knob 1: Speed Controls the modulation rate of the Tremolo/Panner.
Knob 2: Depth Controls the intensity of the volume amplitude change.
Knob 3: Phase Controls whether the amplitude change occurs in both channels simultaneously (Tremolo) or
alternates between channels (Panner).
Rotary
Rotary speaker cabinets were designed to provide a majestic vibrato/choir effect for electronic theater and
church organs. The most well known rotary speaker is the Leslie™ Model 122, which has two counter-
rotating elements: a high-frequency horn and a low-frequency rotor with slow and fast speeds. The sound
generated as the spinning elements change speed is truly magical. The swirling, spacious effect is difficult to
describe – but clearly recognizable. The Rotary effect is modeled after a Leslie-style cabinet. The input signal
is split into high and low-frequency bands. The rotation effect is created by a synchronized combination of
pitch shifting, tremolo, and panning. Like the physical cabinet, the high (horn) and low (rotor) frequencies
are “spun” in opposite directions. Horn and rotor speeds are independent, and designed with acceleration
and deceleration characteristics to simulate the inertia of the original mechanical elements. A virtual re-
quirement for organ music, Rotary also sounds remarkable with guitar and electric piano rhythm parts. In
fact, these programs are great alternatives to the Chorus and Tremolo effects for any sound source.
Knob 1: Speed Controls the modulation rate of both rotary speakers. The lower frequencies rotate at a
slower speed than the high frequencies.
Knob 2: Doppler Increases or decreases the Doppler pitch effect that is created by the physics of a rotating